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To ensure the FRP pipes are specified properly, dynamic analysis determines the maximum and minimum pressures, maximum velocity, and dynamic forces for each pipe segment in the systems.
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The most severe dynamic forces generally occur during pump start and pump trip when there is a rapid change of fluid pressure and velocity. However, excessive dynamic force can be detrimental to FRP pipes. For these systems, use of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) pipes can save a lot of weight compared to metallic pipes. These systems generally have large diameter pipes that run through the entire facilities. Examples are the cooling water and fire water systems on an offshore platform. When a greenfield project moves beyond the initial feasibility phase, a front-end engineering study usually is performed by an engineering contractor, with opportunities to select the appropriate material for construction considering factors such as resistance to corrosion, weight, cost, etc. For greenfield (new field) projects, dynamic analysis is infrequent during the initial feasibility phase due to a lack of data. Generally, this type of analysis is done for brownfield development projects in the North Sea where the stakeholders are considering a cost-effective way to accommodate the new reservoir conditions after the facilities have been in continuous operation for over 10 years. This example shows that dynamic analysis can be used early in the feasibility phase to develop an optimum design with the least impact on an existing facility. It was concluded that the existing exchanger could meet the cooling demand for both compressors and a new exchanger would not be needed. The predicted flowrate, temperature, and pressure corresponding to the maximum load were extracted from the simulation model, and a detailed rating calculation for the exchanger was performed. The maximum exchanger duty occurred when the compressors were operating in total recycle just before the discharge pressure reached the export pipeline pressure, i.e. A startup simulation was then performed on the model. To ensure accuracy of the dynamic analysis, first a simulation model was built for the existing installation and validated against the steady state operating data to ensure the accuracy of compressor curves, heat transfer coefficient, valve capacity, and other equipment parameters in the model.Īfter validation, a new compressor block and its recycle line were added to the model. However, the developer wanted to retain the existing exchanger as a common recycle cooler for both compressors, and requested a feasibility study for this somewhat unusual configuration.Īddition of booster compressor to an existing compression system.īecause the exchanger was to be used as an aftercooler in normal operation and as a recycle cooler in startup and shutdown, a dynamic analysis was performed to fully understand the exchanger load for both steady state and transient operations, and to determine whether the existing exchanger could accommodate the predicted load for the entire range of operations with the new compressor. As part of the brownfield development, a new compressor was to be added.
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The original platform had an export gas compressor with an inlet cooler that also functioned as a recycle cooler. Recently, the developer of an oil field planned to modify an offshore platform to accommodate the changes in reservoir conditions and the tie in of new flowlines. For brownfield development, dynamic analysis verifies the operating limits of existing equipment to determine if it can be reused. Minimizing equipment count during the feasibility phase can improve the overall cost matrix of a project, particularly for brownfield (material field) development where the addition of equipment must be kept to a minimum. To fully appreciate the extent of knowledge that can be gained from dynamic analysis, examples from past offshore installations are given below and cover the three main applications: flowsheet analysis, material selection, and equipment detailed design.Ī project typically starts with a feasibility study to develop the overall flowsheet. The scope and emphasis of dynamic analysis evolves as the project moves forward.